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Entering orbit…
Habitability
0/ 100
Uninhabitable
TOI-431 b rendered in TerraForge from its measured mass, orbit and star

TOI-431 b

Also written TOI-431b, TOI 431b, TOI 431 b

Lava World106 light years awayFound 2021
Mass
3.07 × Earth
Radius
1.28 × Earth
Gravity
1.87 g
Surface (est.)
1,889 K
Year
11.8 hrs
From Earth
106 ly
Mass
3.07 × Earth
Radius
1.28 × Earth
Gravity
1.87 g
Surface (est.)
1,889 K
Year
11.8 hrs
From Earth
106 ly

TOI-431 system

Type
K-type (Orange)
Temperature
4,850 K
Radius
0.731 ☉
Mass
0.78 ☉
Planets
3
Luminosity
0.272 ☉

Published by the NASA Exoplanet Archive. This world’s temperature and habitability score are computed from this star’s measured luminosity, not from a stand-in for its class.

TOI-431 b0.011 AUYou are here3.1 M⊕
TOI-431 c0.052 AU2.8 M⊕
TOI-431 d0.098 AU9.9 M⊕
Habitable zone

Star and planets drawn to scale: the star is 62 times as wide as TOI-431 b, so only its edge is in view. Orbits spaced as in the star system view.

TOI-431 b, from the NASA Exoplanet Archive (found 2021). Measured: 3.07 Earth masses, 0.0113 AU, a 4850 K K-type star. Composition inferred from a measured bulk density of 1.46x Earth's, which is rock and iron, with a day locked to its 0.5-day year, as anything orbiting this close would be.

Surface. Molten surface with lava flows, volcanic activity everywhere

Lava World
Magnetic FieldExtreme Activity
TOI-431 b's proximity to its star (0.01 AU) results in extreme surface temperatures of 1889K.
Lava worlds orbit so close to their stars that rocky surfaces melt into oceans of molten rock. Recent planet formation can also create temporary lava worlds.
Classification Criteria:
✓ Temperature: 1889K (>1000K)

Reading TOI-431 b’s atmosphere

Dominant elements: O, Si, Fe, N, C, HThis is what a telescope would measure while TOI-431 b crosses in front of its star: starlight passes through the atmosphere and spreads into a rainbow band. Each dark line marks a wavelength the atmosphere absorbed.Every element absorbs its own signature wavelengths — hydrogen always darkens the same two spots, calcium another pair, and so on. Astronomers match the lines in a real spectrum against a library of these signatures to say what an atmosphere is made of, light-years away, without ever visiting. A deeper line generally means more of that element is present.TOI-431 b sits about 106 light-years away, found by the transit method. Most catalogued distances trace back to parallax: as Earth orbits the Sun, a nearby star appears to shift very slightly against the distant background stars, and the size of that shift gives its distance directly.
Further reading
ExoplanetsSara Seager (editor)The field's standard reference: how planets are found, how they form, and what their atmospheres are made of.The Planet FactoryElizabeth TaskerHow planets are made, and why so few of them come out like Earth.Exoplanets: Diamond Worlds, Super Earths, Pulsar PlanetsMichael Summers & James TrefilThe strange end of the catalogue — carbon worlds, molten rock, planets orbiting dead stars.Imagined LifeJames Trefil & Michael SummersWhat could live on a world like this one: ice shells, supergravity, tidally locked twilight.
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Habitability ScoreUninhabitable
0
Contributing Factors
temperature0
Inferno world - temperatures exceed all possibility of life
atmosphere10

Minimal - too hot to retain

No atmosphere - exposed to radiation and temperature extremes
water8
Limited water content - boiling away, little would be retained
magnetic Field100
Magnetic field provides radiation protection
geology40
Extreme volcanic activity may be hazardous
Organic Chemistry80
Core organic elements (CHNO) present
rotation60
Fast rotation - strong global wind patterns and weather systems, but manageable

Physical Properties

Mass
3.07x Earth (1.83e+25 kg)
Radius
1.45x Earth (9,259 km)
This planet: 1.45× Earth radiusEarth: 1× (baseline)
Surface Gravity
1.45x Earth (14.3 m/s²)
Surface Temperature
1,889 K (1,615 °C / 2,940 °F)
Rotation Period
11.8 hours/day (faster than Earth)
This planet: 12 h/dayEarth: 24 h/day

Time Dilation

Clocks run 28.9 seconds per year slower than deep space — about 39 minutes over a lifetime

Elemental Composition

A dark ringed planet hanging over the horizon of a rocky moon, its rings lit by a distant sun

New: Stand on Your Moons 🌒

A planet's surface view isn't the only ground any more. Press the surface button on a planet with moons and it asks where to stand: the planet itself, or any moon still in orbit, each tagged with what it became — ocean, ice, carbon, volcanic. Every moon gets its own ground and sky from its own physics: airless rock under a black sky, ice cracked by geysers over a hidden sea, sulfur plains shaking with eruptions, or orange haze you can't see the sun through. And hanging over the horizon, there's the planet you built.

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